#include #include namespace py = pybind11; using namespace py::literals; class Widget { public: Widget(std::string message) : message(message) { } virtual ~Widget() = default; std::string the_message() const { return message; } virtual int the_answer() const = 0; private: std::string message; }; class PyWidget final : public Widget { using Widget::Widget; int the_answer() const override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_PURE(int, Widget, the_answer); } }; PYBIND11_EMBEDDED_MODULE(widget_module, m) { py::class_(m, "Widget") .def(py::init()) .def_property_readonly("the_message", &Widget::the_message); } PYBIND11_EMBEDDED_MODULE(throw_exception, ) { throw std::runtime_error("C++ Error"); } PYBIND11_EMBEDDED_MODULE(throw_error_already_set, ) { auto d = py::dict(); d["missing"].cast(); } TEST_CASE("Pass classes and data between modules defined in C++ and Python") { auto module = py::module::import("test_interpreter"); REQUIRE(py::hasattr(module, "DerivedWidget")); auto locals = py::dict("hello"_a="Hello, World!", "x"_a=5, **module.attr("__dict__")); py::exec(R"( widget = DerivedWidget("{} - {}".format(hello, x)) message = widget.the_message )", py::globals(), locals); REQUIRE(locals["message"].cast() == "Hello, World! - 5"); auto py_widget = module.attr("DerivedWidget")("The question"); auto message = py_widget.attr("the_message"); REQUIRE(message.cast() == "The question"); const auto &cpp_widget = py_widget.cast(); REQUIRE(cpp_widget.the_answer() == 42); } TEST_CASE("Import error handling") { REQUIRE_NOTHROW(py::module::import("widget_module")); REQUIRE_THROWS_WITH(py::module::import("throw_exception"), "ImportError: C++ Error"); REQUIRE_THROWS_WITH(py::module::import("throw_error_already_set"), Catch::Contains("ImportError: KeyError")); } TEST_CASE("There can be only one interpreter") { static_assert(std::is_move_constructible::value, ""); static_assert(!std::is_move_assignable::value, ""); static_assert(!std::is_copy_constructible::value, ""); static_assert(!std::is_copy_assignable::value, ""); REQUIRE_THROWS_WITH(py::initialize_interpreter(), "The interpreter is already running"); REQUIRE_THROWS_WITH(py::scoped_interpreter(), "The interpreter is already running"); py::finalize_interpreter(); REQUIRE_NOTHROW(py::scoped_interpreter()); { auto pyi1 = py::scoped_interpreter(); auto pyi2 = std::move(pyi1); } py::initialize_interpreter(); }